Microstructure of Steel sand CastIrons (289 Örnekle Çelik ve Dökme Demirin Mikro Yapısı)

[Emrah Burulday]

Microstructure of Steel sand CastIrons (289 Örnekle Çelik ve Dökme Demirin Mikro Yapısı)

"To those craftsmen whose intuitive understanding provided the seed from which metallurgical
science grew", CS. Smith in "A History of Metallography" [Smi6 5].
"The smith created his artefacts by taming the divine element of fire; and it is significant
that the only human craft which was found sufficiently worthy to be practised by one of the
Olympian gods - Hephaistos/Vulcan - was that of the smith", H. Nickel in "Damascus
Steel"by M. Sachse [Sac94].

Preface ............................................................................. v
Acknowledgements .......................................................... vii
Part I. The History of Iron Steed Steel – of
Swords and Ploughshares ....................................... 1
1. From Iron to Steel ............................................................. 3
1.1 The Long History of Iron ..................................... 3
1.2 The Three Sources of Iron .................................. 4
1.3 Early Ironmaking Technology .............................. 6
1.4 The Spread of Ironmaking Technology ............... 8
2. Of Swords and Sword Making .......................................... 13
2.1 Swordmaking, the Cutting Edge of
Metallurgical History ........................................... 13
2.2 The Celtic Swordmaking Tradition ...................... 14
2.3 Merovingian and Carolingian Swords .................. 16
2.4 True or Oriental Damascus Steel Swords
Produced Using Wootz Steel .............................. 20
2.5 Mechanical or Pattern Welded Damascene
Swords ............................................................... 20
2.6 In Search of a Lost Art ........................................ 21
2.7 Asiatic Swords .................................................... 27
2.8 Contemporary Damascene Structures ................ 31
x Contents
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
Part II. The Genesis of Microstructures ....................... 35
3. The Principal Phases in Steels ......................................... 37
3.1 The Phases of Pure Iron ..................................... 37
3.2 Solid Solutions .................................................... 39
3.3 Order-Disorder Transformations ......................... 40
3.4 Intermediate Phases ........................................... 42
4. The Basic Phase Diagrams .............................................. 47
4.1 Equilibria between Condensed Phases ............... 47
4.2 Theoretically Calculated Phase Diagrams ........... 53
4.3 Experimentally Determined Phase
Diagram .............................................................. 56
4.4 The Fe-Cr-C System: Liquidus Surface .............. 56
4.5 The Fe-Cr-C System: Isothermal Sections
and Isopleths ...................................................... 60
4.6 The Fe-Cr-C System: Solidification Paths ........... 62
4.7 The Fe-Cr-C System: The Austenite Field .......... 65
4.8 The Fe-Cr-Ni System .......................................... 69
4.9 The Fe-Mn-S System .......................................... 71
4.10 The Fe-Cu-Co System ........................................ 75
4.11 The Fe-Mo-Cr System ........................................ 78
4.12 The Fe-C-V System ............................................ 84
4.13 Mixed Carbides ................................................... 86
5. The Formation of Solidification Structures ....................... 91
5.1 Solute Partitioning Phenomena during
Solidification ....................................................... 91
5.2 Local Solute Partitioning ..................................... 94
5.3 The Growing Solid Interface ............................... 95
5.4 The Evolution of Dendritic Microstructures .......... 101
5.5 Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacings ..................... 106
5.6 Eutectic Microstructures ...................................... 108
5.7 Peritectic Microstructures .................................... 116
6. Liquid/Solid Structural Transformations ........................... 121
6.1 Experimental Techniques: Controlled
Solidification ....................................................... 121
6.2 Experimental Techniques: Thermal
Analysis .............................................................. 124
6.3 Solidification Paths ............................................. 127
6.4 Metastable Solidification Paths ........................... 138
6.5 Peritectic Transformations .................................. 141
7. Grains, Grain Boundaries and Interfaces ......................... 151
7.1 General Aspects ................................................. 151
7.2 Characteristics Associated with Grain
Boundaries ......................................................... 157
8. Diffusion ............................................................................ 163
8.1 Chemical Diffusion .............................................. 163
8.2 Zones Affected by Diffusion ................................ 165
8.3 Case Hardening .................................................. 168
8.4 Diffusion Couples ................................................ 172
8.5 Galvanizing ......................................................... 173
9. The Decomposition of Austenite ...................................... 179
9.1 The Different Types of Solid State
Transformatione .................................................. 179
9.2 The Representation of Solid State Phase
Transformations .................................................. 180
9.3 Growth Mechanisms ........................................... 184
9.4 Diffusive Exchanges at Interfaces ....................... 187
9.5 The Formation of Pro-Eutectoid Ferrite and
Cementite ........................................................... 191
10. The Pearlite Transformation ............................................. 195
10.1 The Eutectoid Transformation in the Fe-C
System ............................................................... 195
10.2 The Kinetics of Pearlite Transformation .............. 199
10.3 The Influence of Alloying Elements ..................... 200
10.4 The Re-Dissolution of Pearlite ............................ 206
11. The Martensite Transformation ........................................ 209
11.1 Displacive Transformations in the Fe-C
System ............................................................... 209
11.2 Characteristics of the Martensite
Transformation ................................................... 211
11.3 The Morphology of Martensite ............................ 215
11.4 Softening and Tempering of Martensite .............. 219
12. The Bainite Transformation .............................................. 223
12.1 Bainite Structures ............................................... 223
12.2 Upper Bainite ...................................................... 225
12.3 Lower Bainite ...................................................... 232
13. Precipitation ...................................................................... 239
13.1 Continuous Precipitation ..................................... 239
13.2 Discontinuous Precipitation ................................. 245
Part III. Steels and Cast Irons ........................................ 253
14. Steel Design ...................................................................... 255
14.1 Mechanical Properties ........................................ 255
14.2 The Effects of Alloying Elements ........................ 263
14.3 The Common Alloying Additions ......................... 265
15. Solidification Macrostructures ........................................... 269
15.1 Solidification of Steels ......................................... 269
15.2 Solidification Structure of a Continuously
Cast Steel ........................................................... 270
15.3 Solidification Structures in Large
Conventional Ingots ............................................ 273
15.4 Quality of Solidification Structures ...................... 276
16. Macro- and Microstructures of Sintered Powder
Products ............................................................................ 281
16.1 Sintering ............................................................. 281
16.2 Steels Produced by Solid State Sintering ............ 284
16.3 Steels Produced by Transient Liquid Phase
Sintering ............................................................. 286
16.4 Sintered Fe-Cu-Co Composite Alloys ................. 287
17. Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels .................................. 289
17.1 Mild Steels for Deep Drawing .............................. 289
17.2 Low Alloy Structural Steels ................................. 291
17.3 The TRIP Steels ................................................. 295
18. Quench Hardening Steels ................................................ 297
18.1 Hypoeutectoid Steels .......................................... 297
18.2 Hypereutectoid Steels ......................................... 300
18.3 Tool Steels and High Speed Steels .................... 302
19. Stainless Steels ................................................................ 305
19.1 Martensitic Stainless Steels ................................ 305
19.2 Austenitic Stainless Steels .................................. 313
19.3 Nitrogen-Containing Stainless Steels .................. 318
19.4 Manganese-Containing Austenitic Steels ............ 320
19.5 Resulphurised Stainless Steels ........................... 321
19.6 Ferritic Stainless Steels ...................................... 323
19.7 Duplex Stainless Steels ...................................... 325
20. Heat Resisting Steels and Iron-Containing
Superalloys ....................................................................... 331
20.1 Ferritic Heat Resisting Steels .............................. 331
20.2 Austenitic Heat Resisting Steels ......................... 335
20.3 Precipitation Hardened Alloys ............................. 338
21. Cast Irons .......................................................................... 347
21.1 Phases and Microstructural Constituents in
Cast Irons ........................................................... 347
21.2 White Cast Irons ................................................. 347
21.3 Grey Cast Irons .................................................. 349
21.4 Spheroidal Graphite (SG) Cast Irons .................. 356
21.5 The Heat Treatment of Grey (SG) Cast
Irons ................................................................... 363
22. Appendices ....................................................................... 367
22.1 General Comments ............................................. 367
22.2 Interface Energies ............................................... 367
22.3 Chromium and Nickel Equivalents ...................... 367
22.4 Etching Reagents ............................................... 368
22.5 Characteristic Diffusion Lengths ......................... 369
22.6 Empirical Formulae for Determining the Ms
and Mf Temperatures .......................................... 370
22.7 Effects of Alloying Elements in Steels ................. 370
22.8 Typical Hardness Values of Various
Constituents Found In Steels .............................. 373
23. References ........................................................................ 375
Index ................................................................................ 399

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